It was developed by the Public Health Agency of Canada, with development subsequently taken over by Merck Inc. In general, these reactions occur within seven days after vaccination, are mild to moderate in intensity and resolved in less than a week. The most common side effects include pain, swelling and redness at the injection site, headache, fever, muscle pain, tiredness and joint pain. It was approved for medical use in the United States in December 2019. It was approved for medical use in the European Union in November 2019. The WHO prequalification came fewer than 48 hours later, making it the fastest vaccine prequalification process ever conducted by WHO. In November 2019, the European Commission granted a conditional marketing authorization. VSV-EBOV or rVSV-ZEBOV, sold under the brand name Ervebo, is a vaccine based on the vesicular stomatitis virus which was genetically modified to express a surface glycoprotein of Zaire Ebola virus. Clinical trials involve the administration of the vaccine to healthy human subjects to evaluate the immune response, identify any side effects and determine the appropriate dosage. For such situations, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has established the " animal efficacy rule" allowing licensure to be approved on the basis of animal model studies that replicate human disease, combined with evidence of safety and a potentially potent immune response (antibodies in the blood) from humans given the vaccine. Conventional trials to study efficacy by exposure of humans to the pathogen after immunization are not ethical in this case. Vaccines include replication-deficient adenovirus vectors, replication-competent vesicular stomatitis (VSV) and human parainfluenza (HPIV-3) vectors, and virus-like nanoparticle preparations. During the early 21st century, several vaccine candidates displayed efficacy to protect nonhuman primates (usually macaques) against lethal infection. It had been used extensively in the Kivu Ebola epidemic under a compassionate use protocol.
The first vaccine to be approved in the United States was rVSV-ZEBOV in December 2019. Ebola vaccines are vaccines either approved or in development to prevent Ebola.
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